10-3-2004

Sophia Iakovlevna Parnok

(1885-1933)

София Яковлевна Парнок

 

 

Sophia Yakovlevna Parnok, Russia's only openly lesbian poet, was born in Taganrog, Russia, on August 11, 1885, the first child of a physician who died when Sophia was six years old. Parnok’s father, a pharmacist, remarried shortly after his first wife's death. Friction with her stepmother and, later, with her father, who strongly disapproved of her lesbianism, cast a shadow over Parnok’s youth, but tempered her in moral courage and independence.

From the age of six she took refuge in writing, and during her last two years at the gymnasium (1901-1903) wrote extensively, especially about her lesbian sexuality and first love affairs. Her creativity would remain closely linked with her lesbian experience throughout her poetic life as she struggled to make her unique voice heard in her antilesbian literary culture.

In 1905, Parnok left home with an actress lover and spent a year in Europe. For a time, she studied at the Geneva Conservatory, but a lack of funds forced her to return to her hated father's house. To become independent of him, she married a close friend and fellow poet and settled in St. Petersburg. She began publishing her poems in journals, but marriage soon stifled her creativity and also hampered her personal life.

 

 

Sofia Parnok
 

In January 1909, she braved social censure and financial ruin and decided to leave her husband in order to make what she termed "a new start." After her divorce, Parnok settled in Moscow, became marginally self-supporting, and made a modest career as a journalist, translator, opera librettist, and poet.

At the beginning of World War I, she met the young poet Marina Tsvetaeva, with whom she became involved in a passionate love affair that left important traces in the poetry of both women. Parnok’s belated first book of verse, Poems, appeared shortly before she and Tsvetaeva broke up in 1916. The lyrics in Poems presented the first, revolutionarily nondecadent, lesbian desiring subject ever to be heard in a book of Russian poetry.

Parnok and her new lover, Lyudmila Erarskaya, an actress, left Moscow in late summer 1917 and spent the Civil War years in the Crimean town of Sudak. There Parnok was inspired by her love for Erarskaya to write one of her masterpieces, the dramatic poem and libretto for Alexander Spendiarov's opera Almast.

The physical deprivations of the Sudak years took their toll on Parnok’s precarious health (she was a lifelong sufferer from Grave's disease), but the time she spent in the Crimea was a period of spiritual ferment and creative rebirth.

Under the aegis of her poetic "sister" Sappho and her "Sugdalian sibyl" Eugenia Gertsyk (an intimate, platonic friend), the seeds of Parnok’s mature lesbian lyricism were sown and yielded a first harvest in the collections Roses of Pieria (1922) and The Vine (1923), which she published on her return to Moscow.

Shortly after the appearance of The Vine, she met Olga Tsuberbiller, a mathematician at Moscow University, with whom Parnok lived in a permanent relationship from 1925 until her death in 1933.

The Soviet censorship soon decided that Parnok’s poetic voice was "unlawful," and she was unable to publish after 1928. Nor did her work find favor with her similarly repressed fellow poets, who were embarrassed by her personal politics of the poet's soul and her straightforward, nonmetaphoric expression of lesbian love and experience. Parnok’s last two collections, Music (1926) and Half-voiced (1928), attracted no notice from the official literary establishment.

During the last five years of her life, Parnok eked out a living doing translations. She was frequently bedridden and wrote poetry exclusively for "the secret drawer." Her isolation from readers and her status as an "invisible woman" in Russian poetry became constant themes in her late and best verse.

In late 1931, she met Nina Vedeneyeva, a physicist. The two middle-aged women fell impossibly in love, and their affair inspired Parnok’s greatest lesbian work, the cycles "Ursa Major" and "Useless Goods." Parnok’s health collapsed under the "passionate burden" of her love affair, and she died after a heart attack in a village outside Moscow on August 26, 1933.

Diana L. Burgin

 

LINKS:

 

Poems in Russian       O     O

Collected poems

Tatiana Zherebkina - "TO ENVY": MARINA TSVETAYEVA'S PRACTICES OF LOVE

Biography and Chronology                             Mirror

Photos of Sophia Parnok

Poems dedicated to Sophia Parnok - "Girlfriend" by  Marina Tsvetaeva                    in English

Poems and Articles, in Russian                    

Biography, in English

Critical articles published by S.P. in the “Northern Annals” under the pseudonym Andrey Polyanin 1913-1917

Correspondence of Sophia Parnok

"Sophia Parnok – The Life and Work of Russia’s Sappho”, in russian

Books of Poems:

"Стихотворения"      O      O

Розы Пиерии (Антологические стихи)        O       O

"Лоза"        O        O

"Музыка"        O        O

"Вполголоса"        O        O

 

 

                    Dedicated to N.P.P.

 

 

I’m drunk on your wild caresses,

You’ve driven me crazy for you…

Just tell me I’ve only been dreaming

So I can believe that it’s true.

 

No, you want to torment me forever –

Why shouldn’t you play and have fun;

And smiling, you answer, carefreely,

“We won’t do again what we’ve done.”

 

29 August 1902

Rostov-on-Don

(Juvenilia) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Страдая без конца и без конца любя
И встречу первую с тобою проклиная,
Рыдаю я из-за тебя...

 

 

 

 

 

 

Но ты даешь все упоенья рая,
Хоть в ад толкнешь своею же рукой!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                        Dedicated to N.P.P.

 

Love’s gone… the tuberoses have expired,

You have become cold as ice.

To see tears, my tears, that’s your desire,

But pride will never let me cry.

 

In nightime silence, utterly exhausted,

Suffering and loving endlessly

I curse the day of our first meeting

And sob for what you’ve done to me.

 

But I won’t cry when you are with me.

So there! Insult me, beat me and torment,

Just hint that I may get a chance to see you,

And if you want to, torture me again.

 

The way you play upon my heartstrings,

Sometimes it seems no pity in your dwells;

But you give all of paradise’s raptures

While with your hand you push me into hell!

 

29 August 1902

Rostov-on-Don

 

(Juvenilia - 31) 

 

 

 

Чем холодней твои посланья,
Чем долее потом молчанье,
Чем тягостнее ожиданье,
Тем я мучительней люблю!..

Твой образ предо мной всплывает...
Он бурю ласк напоминает...
И страсть во мне он пробуждает,
И я мучительней люблю.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                   Dedicated to N.P.P.

 

The colder the letters you write,

The longer the silence between them,

The harder the waiting becomes,

The more I’m tormented with love!

 

The more I give pain to myself,

I want not to think and I suffer,

I want to forget and remember

That marvellous smile of yours!

 

Your image arises before me…

It makes me recall your caresses,

It rouses the passion inside me,

And I’m more tormented with love.

 

25 March 1903

 

(Juvenilia - 42) 

 

 

Этот вечер был тускло-палевый, -
Для меня был огненный он.
Этим вечером, как пожелали вы,
Мы вошли в театр "Унион".

 

Помню руки, от счастья слабые,
Жилки - веточки синевы.
Чтоб коснуться руки не могла бы я,
Натянули перчатки вы.

 

Ах, опять подошли так близко вы,
И опять свернули с пути!
Стало ясно мне: как ни подыскивай,
Слова верного не найти.

 

Я сказала: "Во мраке карие
И чужие ваши глаза..."
Вальс тянулся и виды Швейцарии -
На горах турист и коза.

 

Улыбнулась, - вы не ответили...
Человек не во всем ли прав!
И тихонько, чтоб вы не заметили,
Я погладила Ваш рукав.

 

5 февраля 1915

 

That evening was dimly smoldering –

But for me it was a fiery one.

On that evening, as you had been hankering,

We went out to the “Union”.

 

I remember your hands, weak from happiness,

The veins – networks of navy blue.

And my touching your hand was impossible,

Both were covered in gloves by you.

 

Ah, again you approached so close by to me,

And again you turned to the side!

It was clear to me: words were infindable,

Irregardless of how I tried.

 

And I said: “Your eyes in the gloominess

Are deep brown and look remote…”

As a waltz played, we watched scenes of Switzerland –

In the mountains a tourist, a goat.

 

Then I smiled – you didn’t respond to me…

Don’t we all think that we’re the aggrieved!

And so lightly that you wouldn’t notice it,

I carressingly smoothed your sleeve.

 

January (?) February (?) 1915

 

 

 

 

 

 

Причуды мыслей вероломных
не смог дух алчный превозмочь, ї
и вот, из тысячи наемных,
тобой дарована мне ночь.

 

Тебя учило безразличье
лихому мастерству любви.
Но вдруг, привычные к добыче,
объятья дрогнули твои.

 

Безумен взгляд, тоской задетый,
угрюм ревниво-сжатый рот, ї
меня терзая, мстишь судьбе ты
за опоздалый мой приход.

 

 

 

 

 

A greedy spirit could not conquer

Your self-betraying thought’s caprice –

And so, from thousands up to hire,

One night was given by you to me.

 

You had tutored by dispassion

A brilliant artistry in love.

But suddenly, tough used to quarry,

Your arms, embracing me, convulsed.

 

Your eyes are frantic, stung by yearning,

Your mouth is grim, clenched jealously,

You’re paying fate back for my tardy

Arrival by tormenting me. (# 47)

 

(1916)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ни утоленности, ни жажды
в истоме вашей не подстеречь.
Ко всем приветны и взор и речь:
соперник мне никто и каждый.

 

Но необещанным отрадам
как не предать мне мечты, когда
не говорите ни нет, ни да,
но рот целуете мне взглядом?

 

О, нежные скупые руки,
как бережете свою вы лень...
Но под глазами густеет тень:
он будет, ї час любовной муки!

 

 

 

 

Not satiation, not desire

Your languorousness bring to mind.

To all your speech and gaze are kind,

No one and everyone’s my rival.

 

But to delights that are mere wishes

How can dreams not betray me, when

You say not to, not yes, but then,

Your eyes imprint my mouth with kisses?

 

O, arms affectionate and prudent,

How you protect your indolence…

But shadows under your eyes grow dense:

‘Twill be, the hour of love’s torment! (# 48)

 

 

 

 

АЛКЕЕВЫ СТРОФЫ

 

И впрямь прекрасен, юноша стройный, ты:
два синих солнца под бахромой ресниц,
и кудри темноструйным вихрем
лавра славней, нежный лик венчают.

 

Адонис сам предшественник юный мой!
Ты начал кубок, ныне врученный мне, ї
к устам любимой приникая,
мыслью себя веселю печальной:

 

не ты, о юный, расколдовал ее.
Дивясь на пламень этих любовных уст,
о, первый, не твое ревниво, ї
имя мое помянет любовник.

 

3 октября 1915

 

Alchaen Stanzas

 

And truly handsome. Shapely young man, are you:

Beneath the eyelashes’ fringe two dark-blue suns,

and curls, a darkly streaming whirlwind

grander than laurel, crown your soft features.

 

A real Adonis, young precursor of mine!

You began the cup which is now passed to me –

Pressing the lips of my beloved,

With a doleful thought myself I comfort:

 

Not you, oh young man, unbound the spell on her.

Marveling at the flame of her loving lips,

Oh, first one, not your enviously,

My name shall a lover murmur, praying. (# 53)

 

3 October 1915

 

 

 

Всю меня обвил воспоминаний хмель,
говорю, от счастия слабея:
"Лесбос! Песнопенья колыбель
на последней пристани Орфея!"

 

Дивной жадностью душа была жадна,
музам не давали мы досуга.
В том краю была я не одна,
о, великолепная подруга!

 

Под рукой моей, окрепшей не вполне,
ты прощала лиры звук неполный,
ты, чье имя томное во мне,
как луна, притягивает волны.

 

 

All of me is twined in memories’ rapture,

I say, as from happiness I weaken:

“Lesbos! Source of lyric poetry

at the last of Orpheu’s harbors!”

 

Avid was my soul with wondrous avarice,

to the muses we did not give leisure.

In that country I was not alone,

Oh, my splendid woman-friend and lover!

 

Underneath my hand, which was not at full strength,

You forgave the unfull sound of the lyre,

You. Whose languid name inside of me,

Like the moon, draws waves upon the shoreline. (# 64)

 

(1922)

 

  All the previous poems translated by Diana Lewis Burgin

 

 

 

Май, в «Русской мысли» опубликовано стихотворение «Чья воля дикая над нами...»

Чья воля дикая над нами колдовала,
В угрюмый час, в глубокий час ночной —
Пытала ль я судьбу, судьба ль меня пытала,
Кто жизнь твою поставил предо мной?

Сердца еще полны безумством нашей ночи,
Но складка мертвая легла у рта;
Ненужные слова отрывистей, жесточе;
В глазах у нас застыла пустота...

Зловещий замысел! Отравленные краски!
Какой художник взял на полотно
Две одинокие трагические маски,
И слил два тела чуждые в одно?

 

In the July (or May?) 1911 issue of "Russian Thought", was published this poem:

Whose strange and savage will has cast a spell on us,

at that despondent, that night-time hour deep –

was I tormenting fate, was I by fate tormented,

who came and stood your life in front of me?

 

Our hearts are still replete with our night’s madness,

but there’s a lifeless wrinkle by your mouth;

the needless words we speak are more abrupt and crueller,

an emptiness has frozen  in your eyes…

 

Oh ominous design! Paints that have been poisoned!

What has the artist of this canvas done

to paint two solitary, tragic masks like ours,

and merge two strangers’ bodies into one?

 

 

АЛКЕЕВЫ СТРОФЫ

 

И впрямь прекрасен, юноша стройный, ты:

Два синих солнца под бахромой ресниц,

И кудри темноструйным вихрем,

Лавра славней, нежный лик венчают.

 

Адонис сам предшественник юный мой!

Ты начал кубок, ныне врученный мне,—

К устам любимой приникая,

Мыслью себя веселю печальной:

 

Не ты, о юный, расколдовал ее.

Дивясь на пламень этих любовных уст,

О, первый, не твое ревниво,—

Имя мое помянет любовник.

 

3 октября 1915

 

And you, slender youth, are truly fair:

Two blue suns under the spears of lashes,

And curls in a dark-streamed whirl,

More glorious than laurel, crown the tender face.

 

Adonis himself is my young predecessor!

You started the vial I am given now –

Kissing the lips of my beloved

I enjoy the dolorous thought:

 

It was not you, oh youngster, who has set her free from charms.

Surprised by the flame of these lovesick lips,

Oh first one, not yours with jealousy –

My name will her lover recall. (# 53)

 

 

 

Летят, пылая, облака,
разрушился небесный город.
Упряма поступь и легка,
раскинут ветром вольный ворот.

 

Кто мне промолвил "добрый путь",
перекрестил ї кто на дорогу?
Пусть не устанут ветры дуть,
от своего стремить порога.

 

Былое ї груз мой роковой ї
бросаю черту на потребу.
Над бесприютной головой
пылай, кочующее небо!

 

31 июля 1915. Святые Горы.
II

В безмерный час тоски земной...

 

All ablaze, the clouds fly by,

the sky city lies in ruins.

My step is obstinate and light,

the wind has spread a wilful windlass.

 

Who blessed me as I headed off?

Who murmured, “Have a happy journey”?

Let the winds not cease to blow,

to urge me from my threshold.

 

To the devil for his use

I throw the past – my fateful burden.

Up above my homeless head

blaze on, nomadic heaven!       (# 13)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Смотрят снова глазами незрячими
Матерь Божья и Спаситель-Младенец.
Пахнет ладаном, маслом и воском.
Церковь тихими полнится плачами.
Тают свечи у юных смиренниц
в кулачке окоченелом и жестком.
Ах, от смерти моей увези меня,
ты, чьи руки загорелы и свежи,
ты, что мимо прошла, раззадоря!
Не в твоем ли отчаянном имени
ветер всех буревых побережий,
о, Марина, соименница моря!

 

5 августа 1915. Святые Горы.

 

 

Blindly staring eyes of the

Holy Mother and Savior Child.

Smell of incense, wax, and oil.

Sounds of soft weeping filling the church.

Melting tapers held by young, meek women

in fists stiff with cold and roughskinned.

Oh, steal me away from my death,

you, whose arms are tanned and fresh,

you, who passed by, exciting me!

Isn’t there in your desperate name a

wind from all storm-tossed coasts,

Marina, named after the sea!  (#  9)

 

 

РОНДО

 

Я вспомню все. Всех дней, в одном безмерном миге,
столпятся предо мной покорные стада.
На пройденных путях ни одного следа
не мину я, как строк в моей настольной книге,
и злу всех дней моих скажу я тихо "да".

 

Не прихотью ль любви мы вызваны сюда, ї
любовь, не тщилась я срывать твои вериги!
И без отчаянья, без страха, без стыда
я вспомню все.

 

Пусть жатву жалкую мне принесла страда,
не колосом полны ї полынью горькой ї риги,
и пусть солгал мой бог, я верою тверда,
не уподоблюсь я презренному расстриге
в тот бесконечный миг, в последний миг, когда
я вспомню все.

 

RONDEAU

 

 

I’ll remember everything. In one boundless moment,

the obedient herds of all my days will crowd before me.

On the paths I’ve trodden I shall not overlook

one track, like the lines in my reference book,

and to the evil of all my days I shall softly say “yes”.

 

Are we not summoned here by the whim of love –

love, I have not endeavoured to break your chains!

And without fear, without shame, without despair

I’ll remember everything.

 

Even if my toil has yielded me a pitiful harvest,

and my barns are full of wormwood rather than corn,

and even if my god has lied, my fait is firm,

I won’t be like some contemptible defrocked monk

in that endless moment, the last moment, when

Ill remember everything.   (# 42)

 

 

 

 

 

Не придут и не все ли равно мне, ї
вспомнят в радости, или во зле;
под землей я не буду бездомней,
чем была я на этой земле.

 

Ветер, плакальщик мой ненаемный,
надо мной вскрутит снежную муть...
О, печальный, далекий мой, темный,
мне одной предназначенный путь!

1917

 

 

They won’t come and it’s really no matter,

- they’ll recall me in joy or in wrath;

in the ground I shall not be more homeless,

than I was when I walked on this earth.

 

And the wind, my unhired mourner,

will twirl up over me snowy lees…

Oh my path, sorrowful, distant, somber,

predetermined uniquely for me  (# 147)

 

 

 

Я не умерла еще,
Я еще вздохну,
Дай мне только вслушаться
В эту тишину,
Этот ускользающей
Лепет уловить,
Этот уплывающий
Парус проводить...
И ныряют уточки
В голубой воде,
И на тихой отмели
Тихо, как нигде...

7 января 1924

(№ 153)

 

I haven’t died yet,

I still can sigh,

just let me listen

to all this quiet,

catch this faint babble

slipping away,

see off this sailboat

floating away…

Ducklings dive into

watery blue,

quiet the sandbar,

still through and through…

 

Yesterday’s passing

left no regrets.

just one more minute,

don’t wake me yet. (# 153)

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

Ты дремлешь, подруга моя, —
Дитя на груди материнской! —
Как сладко: тебе — засыпать,
А мне пробудиться не мочь,

Затем, что не сон ли, скажи,
И это блаженное ложе,
И сумрак певучий, и ты,
И ты в моих тихих руках?

О, ласковые завитки
На влажном виске!.. О, фиалки!
Такие, бывало, цвели
У нас на родимых лугах.

Венки мы свивали с тобой,
А там, где венки, там и песни,
Где песни — там неги... Ты спишь,
Последний мой, сладостный сон?

Плыви надо мною, плыви,
Мое Эолийское небо,
Пылай, мой последний закат,
Доигрывай, древний мой хмель!

 

 

 

You sleep, my companion lover, just like

a child on the breast of its mother!

How sweet: for you to fall asleep,

for me to lack strength to awaken,

 

since, tell me, is this not a dream,

this bed abounding in rapture,

the sonorous twilight, and you,

and you in my peaceful embrace?

 

Oh delicately winding tendrils

on your moist temple! Oh violets!

The same as the ones which would bloom

for us in our native meadows.

 

The two of